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Edit File: turtle.cpython-38.pyc
U >hd1 O @ s6 d Z dZddlZddlZddlZddlZddlZddlZddl m Z m Z m Z ddl mZ ddlmZ ddd d d d d ddg Zddddddddddddd d d d d d!d"d#d$d%d&d'd(d)d*d+d,d-d.g Zd/d0d1d2d3d4d5d6d7d8d9d:d;d<d=d>d?d@dAdBdCdDdEdFdGdHdIdJdKdLdMdNdOdPdQdRdSdTdUdVdWdXdYdZd[d\d]d^d_d`dadbdcdddedfdgdhdidjdkdldmdndodpdqdrdsdtdudvdwdxdydzd{d|d}gOZd~dgZee e e dg Zdd0d3d@dMdQdUd[d]dbdcdedfdqdvdydzgZdddddddddddddddddddddZdd Zdd Zz ee W n ek r ed Y nX G dd deZ dd Z dd Z dZ dddZ G dd dej!Z"e e"ej#d G dd dej$Z%ej#Z#G dd de&Z'G dd deZ(G dd deZ)G dd de&Z*G dd de&Z+G dd de'Z,G dd de&Z-G dd de&Z.G dd de&Z/G dd d e.e-Z0e0Z1dd Z2G dd de,Z3G dd d e0Z4e4Z5ddd~Z6dd Z7ed Z8ze8dkrre7e8 W n@ e9k r ede8 Y n" ek r ede8 Y nX dd Z:ddÄ Z;ddń Z<dZ=ddȄ Z>e>ee3dde< e>ee4dde; e?Z@eAdkr2ddτ ZBddф ZCddӄ ZDeC eD eE dS )a Turtle graphics is a popular way for introducing programming to kids. It was part of the original Logo programming language developed by Wally Feurzig and Seymour Papert in 1966. Imagine a robotic turtle starting at (0, 0) in the x-y plane. After an ``import turtle``, give it the command turtle.forward(15), and it moves (on-screen!) 15 pixels in the direction it is facing, drawing a line as it moves. Give it the command turtle.right(25), and it rotates in-place 25 degrees clockwise. By combining together these and similar commands, intricate shapes and pictures can easily be drawn. ----- turtle.py This module is an extended reimplementation of turtle.py from the Python standard distribution up to Python 2.5. (See: http://www.python.org) It tries to keep the merits of turtle.py and to be (nearly) 100% compatible with it. This means in the first place to enable the learning programmer to use all the commands, classes and methods interactively when using the module from within IDLE run with the -n switch. Roughly it has the following features added: - Better animation of the turtle movements, especially of turning the turtle. So the turtles can more easily be used as a visual feedback instrument by the (beginning) programmer. - Different turtle shapes, gif-images as turtle shapes, user defined and user controllable turtle shapes, among them compound (multicolored) shapes. Turtle shapes can be stretched and tilted, which makes turtles very versatile geometrical objects. - Fine control over turtle movement and screen updates via delay(), and enhanced tracer() and speed() methods. - Aliases for the most commonly used commands, like fd for forward etc., following the early Logo traditions. This reduces the boring work of typing long sequences of commands, which often occur in a natural way when kids try to program fancy pictures on their first encounter with turtle graphics. - Turtles now have an undo()-method with configurable undo-buffer. - Some simple commands/methods for creating event driven programs (mouse-, key-, timer-events). Especially useful for programming games. - A scrollable Canvas class. The default scrollable Canvas can be extended interactively as needed while playing around with the turtle(s). - A TurtleScreen class with methods controlling background color or background image, window and canvas size and other properties of the TurtleScreen. - There is a method, setworldcoordinates(), to install a user defined coordinate-system for the TurtleScreen. - The implementation uses a 2-vector class named Vec2D, derived from tuple. This class is public, so it can be imported by the application programmer, which makes certain types of computations very natural and compact. - Appearance of the TurtleScreen and the Turtles at startup/import can be configured by means of a turtle.cfg configuration file. The default configuration mimics the appearance of the old turtle module. - If configured appropriately the module reads in docstrings from a docstring dictionary in some different language, supplied separately and replaces the English ones by those read in. There is a utility function write_docstringdict() to write a dictionary with the original (English) docstrings to disc, so it can serve as a template for translations. Behind the scenes there are some features included with possible extensions in mind. These will be commented and documented elsewhere. z-turtle 1.1b- - for Python 3.1 - 4. 5. 2009 N)isfilesplitjoin)deepcopy) simpledialogScrolledCanvas TurtleScreenScreen RawTurtleTurtleRawPenPenShapeVec2Daddshapebgcolorbgpicbye clearscreen colormodedelay exitonclick getcanvas getshapeslistenmainloopmodenuminputonkey onkeypress onkeyrelease onscreenclickontimerregister_shape resetscreen screensizesetupsetworldcoordinates textinputtitletracerturtlesupdate window_height window_widthbackbackward begin_fill begin_polybkcircleclear clearstamp clearstampsclonecolordegreesdistancedotdownend_fillend_polyfd fillcolorfillingforwardget_polygetpen getscreen get_shapepoly getturtlegotoheading hideturtlehomehtisdown isvisibleleftltonclickondrag onreleasepdpenpencolorpendownpensizepenuppospositionpuradiansrightreset resizemodertseth setheadingsetpos setposition settiltangle setundobuffersetxsetyshape shapesizeshapetransform shearfactor showturtlespeedststamptilt tiltangletowards turtlesizeundoundobufferentriesupwidthwritexcorycorwrite_docstringdictdone Terminator ?g ?i i, standard ? i classicblacknoresizeTZenglishturtlescreenzPython Turtle GraphicsF)rz height canvwidth canvheight leftright topbottomr r r undobuffersizerk rW rA ra visiblelanguage exampleturtle examplescreenr) using_IDLEc C s t | d}| }W 5 Q R X i }|D ]}| }|r&|drBq&z|d\}}W n( tk r| td| |f Y q&Y nX | }| }|dkrt|}n4z d|krt|}nt |}W n tk r Y nX |||< q&|S )z/Convert content of config-file into dictionary.r#=z Bad line in config-file %s: %s)TrueFalseNonez''z"".) open readlinesstrip startswithr ValueErrorprintevalfloatint)filenamefZcfglinescfgdictlinekeyvalue r /usr/lib/python3.8/turtle.py config_dict s0 r c C s d}i }i }t |r t|}d|kr0d|d }ztt\}}t||}W n tk rb d}Y nX t |rtt|}t| t| dS )a@ Read config-files, change configuration-dict accordingly. If there is a turtle.cfg file in the current working directory, read it from there. If this contains an importconfig-value, say 'myway', construct filename turtle_mayway.cfg else use turtle.cfg and read it from the import-directory, where turtle.py is located. Update configuration dictionary first according to config-file, in the import directory, then according to config-file in the current working directory. If no config-file is found, the default configuration is used. z turtle.cfgZ importconfigz turtle_%s.cfg N)r r r __file__r Exception_CFGr, )r Z default_cfgZcfgdict1Zcfgdict2headtailZ cfg_file2r r r readconfig s r z"No configfile read, reason unknownc @ s` e Zd ZdZdd Zdd Zdd Zdd Zd d Zd d Z dd Z dd Z dd Z dd Z dS )r a A 2 dimensional vector class, used as a helper class for implementing turtle graphics. May be useful for turtle graphics programs also. Derived from tuple, so a vector is a tuple! Provides (for a, b vectors, k number): a+b vector addition a-b vector subtraction a*b inner product k*a and a*k multiplication with scalar |a| absolute value of a a.rotate(angle) rotation c C s t | ||fS N)tuple__new__)clsxyr r r r s z Vec2D.__new__c C s" t | d |d | d |d S Nr r selfotherr r r __add__ s z Vec2D.__add__c C sD t |tr*| d |d | d |d S t| d | | d | S r ) isinstancer r r r r __mul__ s z Vec2D.__mul__c C s2 t |tst |tr.t| d | | d | S tS r )r r r r NotImplementedr r r r __rmul__ s zVec2D.__rmul__c C s" t | d |d | d |d S r r r r r r __sub__ s z Vec2D.__sub__c C s t | d | d S r r r r r r __neg__ s z Vec2D.__neg__c C s | d d | d d d S )Nr r r r r r r r __abs__ s z Vec2D.__abs__c C sj t | d | d }|tj d }t|t| }}t | d | |d | | d | |d | S )z.rotate self counterclockwise by angle r r f@)r mathpicossin)r angleZperpcsr r r rotate s z Vec2D.rotatec C s | d | d fS r r r r r r __getnewargs__ s zVec2D.__getnewargs__c C s d| S )Nz (%.2f,%.2f)r r r r r __repr__ s zVec2D.__repr__N)__name__ __module__ __qualname____doc__r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r s c C sT t | j}| |D ]}t|| q| j D ] \}}t|tjkr0|||< q0dS )#helper function for Scrolled CanvasN) list __bases__reverse __methodDict__dict__itemstypetypes FunctionType)r _dictZbaseListZ_superr r r r r r ! s r c C s i }t | | | S )r )r keys)r r r r r __methods+ s r zTdef %(method)s(self, *args, **kw): return self.%(attribute)s.%(method)s(*args, **kw)r c C s i }t || i }t| }| D ]B}|d d dksd|dd dksd||ksd||krXq"|| ||< q"| D ]D\}} || d} t|trt||d } t| | t| || | qnd S )Nr _)methodfunc)r Z attribute) r r r r r str __stringBodyexecsetattr) Z fromClassZtoClassZtoPartZexcludeZ_dict_1r ZmfcZexr r dZ execStringr r r __forwardmethods5 s 0 r c @ sd e Zd ZdZdddZddd Zd d Zd d Zdd Zdd Z dd Z dd Z dd Z dd Z dS ) r zModeled after the scrolled canvas class from Grayons's Tkinter book. Used as the default canvas, which pops up automatically when using turtle graphics functions or the Turtle class. ^ X c C s0 t jj| |||d | | _|| | _| _|| | _| _d| _ t j |||| j t j dd| _ t j || j jt jd| _t j || j jd| _| j j| jj| jjd | jdd dd | jdd dd | j jd | d ddd d d d | jjd | d dd d d d d | jjd | d d dd d d d | | jd | j d S )N)rz r whiter )rz r bgZreliefZ borderwidth)commandZorient)r )ZxscrollcommandZyscrollcommandr r )ZweightZminsizenewsZpadxZin_ZpadyrowcolumnZrowspanZ columnspanZstickyz <Configure>)TKFrame__init__winfo_toplevelZ _rootwindowrz r r r r CanvasZSUNKEN_canvasZ ScrollbarZxviewZ HORIZONTALhscrollZyviewvscrollZ configuresetZ rowconfigureZcolumnconfiguregridr` bindonResize)r masterrz r r r r r r r P sN zScrolledCanvas.__init__Nc C s |r || _ |r|| _|r || _| jj|| j d | j d | j d | jd fd | jd| j | j d | j | jd| j| j d | j | dS )z<Adjust canvas and scrollbars according to given canvas size.r )r scrollregionr N) r r r r config xview_movetorz yview_movetor adjustScrollsr r r r r r r r` i s& zScrolledCanvas.resetc C s | j }| j }| j d| j| | j | j d| j| | j || jk s`|| jk r| jjd| ddddddd | j jd| ddddddd n| j | j dS )zA Adjust scrollbars according to window- and canvas-size. r r r r r N) r winfo_width winfo_heightr r r r r r r Z grid_forget)r cwidthcheightr r r r { s& z ScrolledCanvas.adjustScrollsc C s | dS )zself-explanatoryN)r )r eventr r r r s zScrolledCanvas.onResizec G s | j j| S @ 'forward' method, which canvas itself has inherited... )r bboxr argsr r r r s zScrolledCanvas.bboxc O s | j j||S r )r cgetr r kwargsr r r r s zScrolledCanvas.cgetc O s | j j|| dS r N)r r r r r r r s zScrolledCanvas.configc O s | j j|| dS r )r r r r r r r s zScrolledCanvas.bindc O s | j j|| dS r )r unbindr r r r r s zScrolledCanvas.unbindc C s | j dS r )r focus_forcer r r r r s zScrolledCanvas.focus_force)r r r r )NNN)r r r r r r` r r r r r r r r r r r r r J s r c @ sH e Zd ZdZdd Zdd Zdd Zdd Zd d Zd d Z dd Z dS )_Rootz'Root class for Screen based on Tkinter.c C s t j| d S r )r Tkr r r r r r s z_Root.__init__c C s& t | ||||| _| jjddd d S )Nr Zboth)expandfill)r r Zpack)r rz r r r r r r setupcanvas s z_Root.setupcanvasc C s | j S r )r r r r r _getcanvas s z_Root._getcanvasc C s | d||||f d S )Nz %dx%d%+d%+d)Zgeometry)r rz r startxstartyr r r set_geometry s z_Root.set_geometryc C s | d| d S )NZWM_DELETE_WINDOW)Z wm_protocol)r destroyr r r ondestroy s z_Root.ondestroyc C s | S r )Zwinfo_screenwidthr r r r win_width s z_Root.win_widthc C s | S r )Zwinfo_screenheightr r r r win_height s z_Root.win_heightN) r r r r r r# r$ r' r) r* r+ r r r r r s r c @ s, e Zd ZdZdd Zdd Zdd Zdd ZdGd d Zdd Z dHddZ dd Z dd Z dd Z dd ZdIddZd d ZdJd d ZdKd!d"ZdLd#d$ZdMd%d&Zd'd( ZdNd)d*Zd+d, Zd-d. Zd/d0 Zd1d2 Zd3d4 Zd5d6 Z d7d8 Z d9d: Z d;d< Z dOd=d>Z d?d@ Z!dAdB Z"dCdD Z#dPdEdFZ$d S )QTurtleScreenBasezProvide the basic graphics functionality. Interface between Tkinter and turtle.py. To port turtle.py to some different graphics toolkit a corresponding TurtleScreenBase class has to be implemented. c C s t jdd| jd}| |S )z$return a blank image object r )rz r r )r PhotoImagecvblank)r Zimgr r r _blankimage s z TurtleScreenBase._blankimagec C s t j|| jdS )z`return an image object containing the imagedata from a gif-file named filename. )filer )r r- r. )r r r r r _image s zTurtleScreenBase._imagec C s || _ t|tr"| j j}| j j}nJt| j d}t| j d}| j j| d | d |d |d fd || _|| _d | _| _ d S )Nrz r r r r ) r. r r r r r r r xscaleyscale)r r. whr r r r s *zTurtleScreenBase.__init__c C s | j jddddS )z<Create an invisible polygon item on canvas self.cv) )r r r r r r r r" outline)r. Zcreate_polygonr r r r _createpoly s z TurtleScreenBase._createpolyNFc C s g }|D ]*\}} | || j | | | j q| jj|f| |dk r^| jj||d |dk rv| jj||d |dk r| jj||d |r| j| dS )a` Configure polygonitem polyitem according to provided arguments: coordlist is sequence of coordinates fill is filling color outline is outline color top is a boolean value, which specifies if polyitem will be put on top of the canvas' displaylist so it will not be covered by other items. Nr" )r9 rz appendr4 r5 r. coordsZ itemconfigureZ tag_raise) r Zpolyitem coordlistr" r9 rz topclr r r r r _drawpoly s zTurtleScreenBase._drawpolyc C s | j jddddddtjdS )z9Create an invisible line item on canvas self.cv) r r r )r" rz Zcapstyle)r. Z create_liner ZROUNDr r r r _createline s z TurtleScreenBase._createlinec C s |dk rNg }|D ]*\}}| || j | | | j q| jj|f| |dk rf| jj||d |dk r~| jj||d |r| j| dS )aQ Configure lineitem according to provided arguments: coordlist is sequence of coordinates fill is drawing color width is width of drawn line. top is a boolean value, which specifies if polyitem will be put on top of the canvas' displaylist so it will not be covered by other items. Nr; r< r= ) r Zlineitemr@ r" rz rA rB r r r r r _drawline s zTurtleScreenBase._drawlinec C s | j | dS )z]Delete graphics item from canvas. If item is"all" delete all graphics items. N)r. deleter itemr r r _delete( s zTurtleScreenBase._deletec C s | j dS )z(Redraw graphics items on canvas N)r. r, r r r r _update. s zTurtleScreenBase._updatec C s | j | dS )z-Delay subsequent canvas actions for delay ms.N)r. afterr r r r r _delay3 s zTurtleScreenBase._delayc C s4 z| j |}d}W n tjk r. d}Y nX |S )zCCheck if the string color is a legal Tkinter color string. TF)r. Z winfo_rgbr ZTclError)r r9 Zrgbokr r r _iscolorstring7 s z TurtleScreenBase._iscolorstringc C s0 |dk r | j j|d | n | j dS dS )zVSet canvas' backgroundcolor if color is not None, else return backgroundcolor.N)r r )r. r rJ r )r r9 r r r _bgcolorA s zTurtleScreenBase._bgcolorc C st |\}}|| j }|| j }dddd}| jj|d | ||| ||d} | j| \} } } } | j | | d fS )zWrite txt at pos in canvas with specified font and color. Return text item and x-coord of right bottom corner of text's bounding box.swr Zse)rP centerr_ r )textanchorr" font)r4 r5 r. Z create_textr r, )r r[ txtalignrU rW r r rT rH Zx0Zy0Zx1Zy1r r r _writeJ s zTurtleScreenBase._writer c sD dkr j |d| n$ fdd}j |d| || dS )zBind fun to mouse-click event on turtle. fun must be a function with two arguments, the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas. num, the number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 N <Button-%s>c s: j | jj j | j j }} || d S r r. canvasxr r4 canvasyr r5 r r r funr r r eventfune s z+TurtleScreenBase._onclick.<locals>.eventfunr. Z tag_unbindZtag_bindr rH r_ numaddr` r r^ r _onclick\ s zTurtleScreenBase._onclickc sD dkr j |d| n$ fdd}j |d| || dS )ag Bind fun to mouse-button-release event on turtle. fun must be a function with two arguments, the coordinates of the point on the canvas where mouse button is released. num, the number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 If a turtle is clicked, first _onclick-event will be performed, then _onscreensclick-event. Nz<Button%s-ButtonRelease>c s: j | jj j | j j }} || d S r rZ r] r^ r r r` w s z-TurtleScreenBase._onrelease.<locals>.eventfunra rb r r^ r _onreleasek s zTurtleScreenBase._onreleasec sD dkr j |d| n$ fdd}j |d| || dS )aq Bind fun to mouse-move-event (with pressed mouse button) on turtle. fun must be a function with two arguments, the coordinates of the actual mouse position on the canvas. num, the number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 Every sequence of mouse-move-events on a turtle is preceded by a mouse-click event on that turtle. Nz<Button%s-Motion>c sT z:j | jj j | j j }} || W n tk rN Y nX d S r )r. r[ r r4 r\ r r5 r r] r^ r r r` s z*TurtleScreenBase._ondrag.<locals>.eventfunra rb r r^ r _ondrag~ s zTurtleScreenBase._ondragc s@ dkrj d| n" fdd}j d| || dS )aG Bind fun to mouse-click event on canvas. fun must be a function with two arguments, the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas. num, the number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 If a turtle is clicked, first _onclick-event will be performed, then _onscreensclick-event. NrY c s: j | jj j | j j }} || d S r rZ r] r^ r r r` s z1TurtleScreenBase._onscreenclick.<locals>.eventfunr. r r )r r_ rc rd r` r r^ r _onscreenclick s z TurtleScreenBase._onscreenclickc s> dkr | j d| d n fdd}| j d| | dS )z`Bind fun to key-release event of key. Canvas must have focus. See method listen Nz<KeyRelease-%s>c s d S r r r r_ r r r` s z0TurtleScreenBase._onkeyrelease.<locals>.eventfunrh r r_ r r` r rk r _onkeyrelease s z TurtleScreenBase._onkeyreleasec sn dkr4|dkr | j dd qj| j d| d n6 fdd}|dkrX| j d| n| j d| | dS )zIf key is given, bind fun to key-press event of key. Otherwise bind fun to any key-press. Canvas must have focus. See method listen. Nz <KeyPress>z <KeyPress-%s>c s d S r r rj rk r r r` s z.TurtleScreenBase._onkeypress.<locals>.eventfunrh rl r rk r _onkeypress s z TurtleScreenBase._onkeypressc C s | j dS )z=Set focus on canvas (in order to collect key-events) N)r. r r r r r _listen s zTurtleScreenBase._listenc C s( |dkr| j | n| j || dS )z?Install a timer, which calls fun after t milliseconds. r N)r. Z after_idlerK r r_ tr r r _ontimer s zTurtleScreenBase._ontimerc C s | j jdd|dS )z0Create and return image item on canvas. r image)r. Z create_image)r rt r r r _createimage s z TurtleScreenBase._createimagec C s< |\}}| j ||| j | | j f | j j||d dS )zZConfigure image item as to draw image object at position (x,y) on canvas) rs N)r. r? r4 r5 itemconfig)r rH r[ rt r r r r r _drawimage s zTurtleScreenBase._drawimagec C s | j j||d | j | dS )zConfigure image item as to draw image object at center of canvas. Set item to the first item in the displaylist, so it will be drawn below any other item .rs N)r. rv Z tag_lower)r rH rt r r r _setbgpic s zTurtleScreenBase._setbgpicc C s | j |S )zQReturn 'line' or 'polygon' or 'image' depending on type of item. )r. r rG r r r _type s zTurtleScreenBase._typec s. | j | fddtdt dD }|S )a returns list of coordinate-pairs of points of item Example (for insiders): >>> from turtle import * >>> getscreen()._pointlist(getturtle().turtle._item) [(0.0, 9.9999999999999982), (0.0, -9.9999999999999982), (9.9999999999999982, 0.0)] >>> c s" g | ]} | |d fqS )r r .0irB r r <listcomp> s z/TurtleScreenBase._pointlist.<locals>.<listcomp>r r )r. r? rangelen)r rH plr r} r _pointlist s zTurtleScreenBase._pointlistc C s | j j||||fd d S )Nr3 )r. r )r srx1sry1srx2sry2r r r _setscrollregion s z!TurtleScreenBase._setscrollregionc C s| | j }|D ]h}t| j |}g }|rd|d d \}}||| ||| |dd }q&| j j|f| qd S )Nr )r. Zfind_allr r? r> ) r Z xscalefactorZ yscalefactorr rH Z coordinatesZ newcoordlistr r r r r _rescale s zTurtleScreenBase._rescalec C sz t | jts| j| jfS || kr6| kr6dkrJn n| jj| jjfS |dk rX|| _|dk rf|| _| j||| dS )zaResize the canvas the turtles are drawing on. Does not alter the drawing window. N)r r. r r r r` r r r r _resize s "zTurtleScreenBase._resizec C s@ | j }|dkr | j d }| j }|dkr8| j d }||fS )z; Return the width and height of the turtle window. r rz r )r. r r )r rz r r r r _window_size s z TurtleScreenBase._window_sizec C s | j j dS )a{ Starts event loop - calling Tkinter's mainloop function. No argument. Must be last statement in a turtle graphics program. Must NOT be used if a script is run from within IDLE in -n mode (No subprocess) - for interactive use of turtle graphics. Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.mainloop() N)r. Ztkr r r r r r s zTurtleScreenBase.mainloopc C s t j||| jdS )a Pop up a dialog window for input of a string. Arguments: title is the title of the dialog window, prompt is a text mostly describing what information to input. Return the string input If the dialog is canceled, return None. Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.textinput("NIM", "Name of first player:") )parent)r Z askstringr. )r r) promptr r r r( . s zTurtleScreenBase.textinputc C s t j|||||| jdS )a Pop up a dialog window for input of a number. Arguments: title is the title of the dialog window, prompt is a text mostly describing what numerical information to input. default: default value minval: minimum value for input maxval: maximum value for input The number input must be in the range minval .. maxval if these are given. If not, a hint is issued and the dialog remains open for correction. Return the number input. If the dialog is canceled, return None. Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.numinput("Poker", "Your stakes:", 1000, minval=10, maxval=10000) )Z initialvalueZminvalueZmaxvaluer )r Zaskfloatr. )r r) r defaultZminvalZmaxvalr r r r = s zTurtleScreenBase.numinput)NNNF)NNNF)N)r N)r N)r N)r N)N)NNN)NNN)%r r r r r0 r2 r r: rC rD rE rI rJ rM rO rP rX re rf rg ri rm rn ro rr ru rw rx ry r r r r r r r( r r r r r r, sT r, c @ s e Zd ZdZdS )r zWill be raised in TurtleScreen.update, if _RUNNING becomes False. This stops execution of a turtle graphics script. Main purpose: use in the Demo-Viewer turtle.Demo.py. Nr r r r r r r r r Y s c @ s e Zd ZdZdS )TurtleGraphicsErrorz Some TurtleGraphics Error Nr r r r r r b s r c @ s$ e Zd ZdZdddZdddZdS ) r zData structure modeling shapes. attribute _type is one of "polygon", "image", "compound" attribute _data is - depending on _type a poygon-tuple, an image or a list constructed using the addcomponent method. Nc C sz || _ |dkr"t|trpt|}nN|dkrVt|trp| drpt|rpt |}n|dkrdg }n t d| || _ d S )Npolygonrt .gifcompoundzThere is no shape type %s) ry r r r r lowerendswithr r r2 r _data)r Ztype_datar r r r n s zShape.__init__c C s: | j dkrtd| j |dkr$|}| j|||g dS )a- Add component to a shape of type compound. Arguments: poly is a polygon, i. e. a tuple of number pairs. fill is the fillcolor of the component, outline is the outline color of the component. call (for a Shapeobject namend s): -- s.addcomponent(((0,0), (10,10), (-10,10)), "red", "blue") Example: >>> poly = ((0,0),(10,-5),(0,10),(-10,-5)) >>> s = Shape("compound") >>> s.addcomponent(poly, "red", "blue") >>> # .. add more components and then use register_shape() r z Cannot add component to %s ShapeN)ry r r r> )r polyr" r9 r r r addcomponent~ s zShape.addcomponent)N)N)r r r r r r r r r r r g s c @ sD e Zd ZdZdddZdddZdd Zd d Zd d Zdd Z dS )Tbufferz5Ring buffer used as undobuffer for RawTurtle objects.r c C s$ || _ d gg| | _d| _d| _d S )Nr F)bufsizebufferptrcumulate)r r r r r r s zTbuffer.__init__Nc C sD |d kr&t | jD ]}d g| j|< qn|| _d gg| | _d| _d S )Nr )r r r r )r r r| r r r r` s z Tbuffer.resetc C sF | j dkrB| js0| jd | j | _|| j| j< n| j| j | d S r )r r r r r> rG r r r push s z Tbuffer.pushc C sJ | j dkrF| j| j }|d kr"d S d g| j| j< | jd | j | _|S d S r )r r r rG r r r pop s z Tbuffer.popc C s | j | jd g S r )r r countr r r r nr_of_items s zTbuffer.nr_of_itemsc C s t | jd t | j S )N )r r r r r r r r s zTbuffer.__repr__)r )N) r r r r r r` r r r r r r r r r s r c @ s" e Zd ZdZdZed ed ed fddZdd Zd=d d Zd d Z d>ddZ dd Z dd Z d?ddZ dd Zdd Zdd Zd@d d ZdAd d Zd!d" Zd#d$ Zd%d& Zd'd( Zd)d* Zd+d, ZdBd.d/Zd0d1 ZdCd2d3ZdDd4d5Z dEd7d8Z dFd9d:Z dGd;d<Z eZ eZ!eZ"e Z#eZ$d S )Hr zProvides screen oriented methods like setbg etc. Only relies upon the methods of TurtleScreenBase and NOT upon components of the underlying graphics toolkit - which is Tkinter in this case. Tr r r c C s t | | tddtddtddtddtddtddtd| d | _d d i| _|| _|| _td | _ g | _ | t j d kr| }|ddddd |ddddd d S )Nr )r r r r r ))r ) )r r ) ) ) ) )r r ))r )r r )r r r r ) r ) r )r r )r r )r r )r r )r r )r r )r r )r r )r r )r )Q #@ Q@)Gz. @Q @)r r )r r r ) Qr )Q r )Gz. r )Q #r r )r r )r r )r r )r r )g g $)r r )r r )r r )r r ))r r )r r )r r )r r ))r Gz)r g'@)r r )r r )r r r )r r rt )Zarrowr r4 ZsquareZtriangler r/ nopicr r darwinZwmZ attributesr z-topmost10)r, r r r0 _shapes_bgpics_mode _delayvaluer _colormode_keysr5 sysplatformr Zcall)r r. r r r Z rootwindowr r r r s& zTurtleScreen.__init__c C s t d | _t d | _| d | d| _d| _d| _d| _g | _ | d d D ]}| d | qP| d | j d d D ] }| d | | d | qzd t_d S ) aq Delete all drawings and all turtles from the TurtleScreen. No argument. Reset empty TurtleScreen to its initial state: white background, no backgroundimage, no eventbindings and tracing on. Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.clear() Note: this method is not available as function. r r allr r r r r )r r N)r r r rI ru _bgpic _bgpicname_tracing_updatecounter_turtlesr rR r r r r _pen)r btnr r r r r5 s zTurtleScreen.clearNc C s| |dkr| j S | }|dkr*td| || _ |dkrp| | j d | j d | jd | jd d | _| _| dS )ah Set turtle-mode ('standard', 'logo' or 'world') and perform reset. Optional argument: mode -- one of the strings 'standard', 'logo' or 'world' Mode 'standard' is compatible with turtle.py. Mode 'logo' is compatible with most Logo-Turtle-Graphics. Mode 'world' uses userdefined 'worldcoordinates'. *Attention*: in this mode angles appear distorted if x/y unit-ratio doesn't equal 1. If mode is not given, return the current mode. Mode Initial turtle heading positive angles ------------|-------------------------|------------------- 'standard' to the right (east) counterclockwise 'logo' upward (north) clockwise Examples: >>> mode('logo') # resets turtle heading to north >>> mode() 'logo' Nr logoworldzNo turtle-graphics-mode %s)r r r r ) r r r r r r r4 r5 r` r r r r r r s zTurtleScreen.modec C s | dkr| d t|| }t|| }| \}}| |d |d | j| j } } | j| | _| j| | _|| j } | | j } | j| } | j| }| | | | | | | j| | j| | dS )as Set up a user defined coordinate-system. Arguments: llx -- a number, x-coordinate of lower left corner of canvas lly -- a number, y-coordinate of lower left corner of canvas urx -- a number, x-coordinate of upper right corner of canvas ury -- a number, y-coordinate of upper right corner of canvas Set up user coodinat-system and switch to mode 'world' if necessary. This performs a screen.reset. If mode 'world' is already active, all drawings are redrawn according to the new coordinates. But ATTENTION: in user-defined coordinatesystems angles may appear distorted. (see Screen.mode()) Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.setworldcoordinates(-10,-0.5,50,1.5) >>> for _ in range(36): ... left(10) ... forward(0.5) r N) r r r r% r4 r5 r r r r r, )r ZllxZllyZurxZuryZxspanZyspanZwxZwyZ oldxscaleZ oldyscaler r r r r r r r' - s z TurtleScreen.setworldcoordinatesc C sT |dkr2| dr(td| |}qFtdnt|trFtd|}|| j|< dS )a Adds a turtle shape to TurtleScreen's shapelist. Arguments: (1) name is the name of a gif-file and shape is None. Installs the corresponding image shape. !! Image-shapes DO NOT rotate when turning the turtle, !! so they do not display the heading of the turtle! (2) name is an arbitrary string and shape is a tuple of pairs of coordinates. Installs the corresponding polygon shape (3) name is an arbitrary string and shape is a (compound) Shape object. Installs the corresponding compound shape. To use a shape, you have to issue the command shape(shapename). call: register_shape("turtle.gif") --or: register_shape("tri", ((0,0), (10,10), (-10,10))) Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.register_shape("triangle", ((5,-3),(0,5),(-5,-3))) Nr rt z;Bad arguments for register_shape. Use help(register_shape)r )r r r r2 r r r r )r namerk r r r r# T s zTurtleScreen.register_shapec C s t |dkr|d }t|trD| |s0|dkr4|S tdt| z|\}}}W n( ttfk rz tdt| Y nX | jdkrdd |||fD \}}}d| krd krn n.d| krd krn nd| krd ksn td t| d |||f S ) a Return color string corresponding to args. Argument may be a string or a tuple of three numbers corresponding to actual colormode, i.e. in the range 0<=n<=colormode. If the argument doesn't represent a color, an error is raised. r r r zbad color string: %sbad color arguments: %sr c S s g | ]}t d | qS g o@roundr{ r r r r r~ s z*TurtleScreen._colorstr.<locals>.<listcomp> bad color sequence: %s #%02x%02x%02x)r r r rO r TypeErrorr r )r r9 r gbr r r _colorstrw s FzTurtleScreen._colorstrc sx ds S t dkr. fdddD }n4t dkrV fdd dd D }n td tfd d |D S ) Nr r c s" g | ]}t ||d dqS )r r r rz cstrr r r~ s z'TurtleScreen._color.<locals>.<listcomp>)r r r r c s g | ]}d t | d qS )r r )r{ r7 r r r r~ s r zbad colorstring: %sc 3 s | ]}| j d V qdS )r N)r )r{ r r r r <genexpr> s z&TurtleScreen._color.<locals>.<genexpr>)r r r r )r r rB r )r r r _color s zTurtleScreen._colorc C s8 |dkr| j S |dkr"t|| _ n|dkr4t|| _ dS )aq Return the colormode or set it to 1.0 or 255. Optional argument: cmode -- one of the values 1.0 or 255 r, g, b values of colortriples have to be in range 0..cmode. Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.colormode() 1.0 >>> screen.colormode(255) >>> pencolor(240,160,80) Nr r )r r r )r Zcmoder r r r s zTurtleScreen.colormodec C s$ | j D ]}|| j | qdS )zReset all Turtles on the Screen to their initial state. No argument. Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.reset() N)r _setmoder r` )r r r r r r` s zTurtleScreen.resetc C s | j S )zReturn the list of turtles on the screen. Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.turtles() [<turtle.Turtle object at 0x00E11FB0>] )r r r r r r+ s zTurtleScreen.turtlesc G s4 |r| |}nd}| |}|dk r0| |}|S )a Set or return backgroundcolor of the TurtleScreen. Arguments (if given): a color string or three numbers in the range 0..colormode or a 3-tuple of such numbers. Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.bgcolor("orange") >>> screen.bgcolor() 'orange' >>> screen.bgcolor(0.5,0,0.5) >>> screen.bgcolor() '#800080' N)r rP r r r r9 r r r r s zTurtleScreen.bgcolorc C sB |dkr| j S t|| _ d| _|dk r0t|| _| j r>| dS )ae Turns turtle animation on/off and set delay for update drawings. Optional arguments: n -- nonnegative integer delay -- nonnegative integer If n is given, only each n-th regular screen update is really performed. (Can be used to accelerate the drawing of complex graphics.) Second arguments sets delay value (see RawTurtle.delay()) Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.tracer(8, 25) >>> dist = 2 >>> for i in range(200): ... fd(dist) ... rt(90) ... dist += 2 Nr )r r r r r, )r nr r r r r* s zTurtleScreen.tracerc C s |dkr| j S t|| _ dS )z Return or set the drawing delay in milliseconds. Optional argument: delay -- positive integer Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.delay(15) >>> screen.delay() 15 N)r r rL r r r r s zTurtleScreen.delayc C s< t jsdt _t| jdkr8| jd7 _| j| j; _dS )zIncrement update counter.Tr r N)r _RUNNINGr r r r r r r _incrementudc s zTurtleScreen._incrementudcc C s< | j }d| _ | D ]}| | q|| _ | dS )z'Perform a TurtleScreen update. TN)r r+ _update_data _drawturtlerJ )r tracingrq r r r r, s zTurtleScreen.updatec C s | d S )z Return the width of the turtle window. Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.window_width() 640 r r r r r r r. s zTurtleScreen.window_widthc C s | d S )z Return the height of the turtle window. Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.window_height() 480 r r r r r r r- & s zTurtleScreen.window_heightc C s | j S )zReturn the Canvas of this TurtleScreen. No argument. Example (for a Screen instance named screen): >>> cv = screen.getcanvas() >>> cv <turtle.ScrolledCanvas instance at 0x010742D8> )r. r r r r r / s zTurtleScreen.getcanvasc C s t | j S )zReturn a list of names of all currently available turtle shapes. No argument. Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.getshapes() ['arrow', 'blank', 'circle', ... , 'turtle'] )sortedr r r r r r r ; s zTurtleScreen.getshapesr c C s | ||| dS )a Bind fun to mouse-click event on canvas. Arguments: fun -- a function with two arguments, the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas. btn -- the number of the mouse-button, defaults to 1 Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen) >>> screen.onclick(goto) >>> # Subsequently clicking into the TurtleScreen will >>> # make the turtle move to the clicked point. >>> screen.onclick(None) N)ri r r_ r rd r r r rR F s zTurtleScreen.onclickc C sF |dkr || j kr6| j | n|| j kr6| j | | || dS )am Bind fun to key-release event of key. Arguments: fun -- a function with no arguments key -- a string: key (e.g. "a") or key-symbol (e.g. "space") In order to be able to register key-events, TurtleScreen must have focus. (See method listen.) Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> def f(): ... fd(50) ... lt(60) ... >>> screen.onkey(f, "Up") >>> screen.listen() Subsequently the turtle can be moved by repeatedly pressing the up-arrow key, consequently drawing a hexagon N)r remover> rm r r_ r r r r r W s zTurtleScreen.onkeyc C sN |dkr || j kr>| j | n |dk r>|| j kr>| j | | || dS )a Bind fun to key-press event of key if key is given, or to any key-press-event if no key is given. Arguments: fun -- a function with no arguments key -- a string: key (e.g. "a") or key-symbol (e.g. "space") In order to be able to register key-events, TurtleScreen must have focus. (See method listen.) Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen and a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> def f(): ... fd(50) ... lt(60) ... >>> screen.onkeypress(f, "Up") >>> screen.listen() Subsequently the turtle can be moved by repeatedly pressing the up-arrow key, or by keeping pressed the up-arrow key. consequently drawing a hexagon. N)r r r> rn r r r r r u s zTurtleScreen.onkeypressc C s | dS )a Set focus on TurtleScreen (in order to collect key-events) No arguments. Dummy arguments are provided in order to be able to pass listen to the onclick method. Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.listen() N)ro )r xdummyydummyr r r r s zTurtleScreen.listenr c C s | || dS )a Install a timer, which calls fun after t milliseconds. Arguments: fun -- a function with no arguments. t -- a number >= 0 Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> running = True >>> def f(): ... if running: ... fd(50) ... lt(60) ... screen.ontimer(f, 250) ... >>> f() # makes the turtle marching around >>> running = False N)rr rp r r r r" s zTurtleScreen.ontimerc C sF |dkr| j S || jkr(| || j|< | | j| j| || _ dS )aF Set background image or return name of current backgroundimage. Optional argument: picname -- a string, name of a gif-file or "nopic". If picname is a filename, set the corresponding image as background. If picname is "nopic", delete backgroundimage, if present. If picname is None, return the filename of the current backgroundimage. Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.bgpic() 'nopic' >>> screen.bgpic("landscape.gif") >>> screen.bgpic() 'landscape.gif' N)r r r2 rx r )r Zpicnamer r r r s zTurtleScreen.bgpicc C s | |||S )a Resize the canvas the turtles are drawing on. Optional arguments: canvwidth -- positive integer, new width of canvas in pixels canvheight -- positive integer, new height of canvas in pixels bg -- colorstring or color-tuple, new backgroundcolor If no arguments are given, return current (canvaswidth, canvasheight) Do not alter the drawing window. To observe hidden parts of the canvas use the scrollbars. (Can make visible those parts of a drawing, which were outside the canvas before!) Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.screensize(2000,1500) >>> # e.g. to search for an erroneously escaped turtle ;-) )r r r r r r% s zTurtleScreen.screensize)N)N)N)NN)N)r N)N)NN)r )N)NNN)%r r r r r r r r5 r r' r# r r r r` r+ r r* r r r, r. r- r r rR r r r r" r r% r! r$ r r r r r r r r sH ( "' # c @ sT e Zd ZdZeddeddedddZdZdZdZefdd Z d d Z dBd dZ dd Z dCddZ dd Zdd Zdd Zdd Zd d Zd d Zd d! Zd"d# Zd$d% Zd&d' Zd(d) ZdDd*d+Zd,d- Zd.d/ Zd0d1 Z dEd2d3Z dFd4d5Z d6d7 Z d8d9 Z dGd:d;Z!dHd<d=Z"dId>d?Z#dJd@dAZ$eZ%eZ&eZ'eZ(eZ)eZ*eZ+eZ,e Z-d S )K TNavigatorzRNavigation part of the RawTurtle. Implements methods for turtle movement. r )r r r r r r c C sB | j | _| j| _|| _d | _| d | _| | t | d S r ) DEFAULT_ANGLEOFFSET _angleOffsetDEFAULT_ANGLEORIENT _angleOrientr undobufferr: r r r` r r r r r s zTNavigator.__init__c C s t dd| _tj| j | _dS )zXreset turtle to its initial values Will be overwritten by parent class r N)r _positionr START_ORIENTATIONr _orientr r r r r` s zTNavigator.resetNc C sL |dkr| j S |dkrdS || _ |dkr6d| _d| _n| jd | _d| _dS )z:Set turtle-mode to 'standard', 'world' or 'logo'. Nr )r r r r @r )r r r _fullcircler r r r r s zTNavigator._setmodec C s0 || _ d| | _| jdkr"d| _n |d | _dS )z+Helper function for degrees() and radians()ih r r r N)r _degreesPerAUr r r Z fullcircler r r _setDegreesPerAU s zTNavigator._setDegreesPerAU v@c C s | | dS )a> Set angle measurement units to degrees. Optional argument: fullcircle - a number Set angle measurement units, i. e. set number of 'degrees' for a full circle. Default value is 360 degrees. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.left(90) >>> turtle.heading() 90 Change angle measurement unit to grad (also known as gon, grade, or gradian and equals 1/100-th of the right angle.) >>> turtle.degrees(400.0) >>> turtle.heading() 100 N)r r r r r r: s zTNavigator.degreesc C s | dtj dS )a Set the angle measurement units to radians. No arguments. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.heading() 90 >>> turtle.radians() >>> turtle.heading() 1.5707963267948966 r N)r r r r r r r r^ 5 s zTNavigator.radiansc C s | j | j| }| | dS )z)move turtle forward by specified distanceN)r r _goto)r r; Zender r r _goC s zTNavigator._goc C s || j 9 }| j|| _dS )z=Turn turtle counterclockwise by specified angle if angle > 0.N)r r r r r r r r _rotateH s zTNavigator._rotatec C s || _ dS )z move turtle to position end.Nr )r endr r r r M s zTNavigator._gotoc C s | | dS )a Move the turtle forward by the specified distance. Aliases: forward | fd Argument: distance -- a number (integer or float) Move the turtle forward by the specified distance, in the direction the turtle is headed. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.position() (0.00, 0.00) >>> turtle.forward(25) >>> turtle.position() (25.00,0.00) >>> turtle.forward(-75) >>> turtle.position() (-50.00,0.00) Nr r r; r r r rC Q s zTNavigator.forwardc C s | | dS )a Move the turtle backward by distance. Aliases: back | backward | bk Argument: distance -- a number Move the turtle backward by distance, opposite to the direction the turtle is headed. Do not change the turtle's heading. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.position() (0.00, 0.00) >>> turtle.backward(30) >>> turtle.position() (-30.00, 0.00) Nr r r r r r/ h s zTNavigator.backc C s | | dS )a Turn turtle right by angle units. Aliases: right | rt Argument: angle -- a number (integer or float) Turn turtle right by angle units. (Units are by default degrees, but can be set via the degrees() and radians() functions.) Angle orientation depends on mode. (See this.) Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.heading() 22.0 >>> turtle.right(45) >>> turtle.heading() 337.0 Nr r r r r r_ | s zTNavigator.rightc C s | | dS )a Turn turtle left by angle units. Aliases: left | lt Argument: angle -- a number (integer or float) Turn turtle left by angle units. (Units are by default degrees, but can be set via the degrees() and radians() functions.) Angle orientation depends on mode. (See this.) Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.heading() 22.0 >>> turtle.left(45) >>> turtle.heading() 67.0 Nr r r r r rP s zTNavigator.leftc C s | j S )zReturn the turtle's current location (x,y), as a Vec2D-vector. Aliases: pos | position No arguments. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.pos() (0.00, 240.00) r r r r r r[ s zTNavigator.posc C s | j d S )z Return the turtle's x coordinate. No arguments. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> reset() >>> turtle.left(60) >>> turtle.forward(100) >>> print turtle.xcor() 50.0 r r r r r r r| s zTNavigator.xcorc C s | j d S )a Return the turtle's y coordinate --- No arguments. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> reset() >>> turtle.left(60) >>> turtle.forward(100) >>> print turtle.ycor() 86.6025403784 r r r r r r r} s zTNavigator.ycorc C s, |dkr| t| n| t|| dS )at Move turtle to an absolute position. Aliases: setpos | setposition | goto: Arguments: x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers y -- a number None call: goto(x, y) # two coordinates --or: goto((x, y)) # a pair (tuple) of coordinates --or: goto(vec) # e.g. as returned by pos() Move turtle to an absolute position. If the pen is down, a line will be drawn. The turtle's orientation does not change. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> tp = turtle.pos() >>> tp (0.00, 0.00) >>> turtle.setpos(60,30) >>> turtle.pos() (60.00,30.00) >>> turtle.setpos((20,80)) >>> turtle.pos() (20.00,80.00) >>> turtle.setpos(tp) >>> turtle.pos() (0.00,0.00) N)r r )r r r r r r rI s zTNavigator.gotoc C s | dd | d dS )a$ Move turtle to the origin - coordinates (0,0). No arguments. Move turtle to the origin - coordinates (0,0) and set its heading to its start-orientation (which depends on mode). Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.home() r N)rI rd r r r r rL s zTNavigator.homec C s | t|| jd dS )a Set the turtle's first coordinate to x Argument: x -- a number (integer or float) Set the turtle's first coordinate to x, leave second coordinate unchanged. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.position() (0.00, 240.00) >>> turtle.setx(10) >>> turtle.position() (10.00, 240.00) r Nr r r )r r r r r ri s zTNavigator.setxc C s | t| jd | dS )a Set the turtle's second coordinate to y Argument: y -- a number (integer or float) Set the turtle's first coordinate to x, second coordinate remains unchanged. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.position() (0.00, 40.00) >>> turtle.sety(-10) >>> turtle.position() (0.00, -10.00) r Nr )r r r r r rj s zTNavigator.setyc C sT |dk rt ||}t|t r"|}n$t|tr6t | }nt|trF|j}t|| j S )a Return the distance from the turtle to (x,y) in turtle step units. Arguments: x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers or a turtle instance y -- a number None None call: distance(x, y) # two coordinates --or: distance((x, y)) # a pair (tuple) of coordinates --or: distance(vec) # e.g. as returned by pos() --or: distance(mypen) # where mypen is another turtle Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.pos() (0.00, 0.00) >>> turtle.distance(30,40) 50.0 >>> pen = Turtle() >>> pen.forward(77) >>> turtle.distance(pen) 77.0 N)r r r r r abs)r r r r[ r r r r; % s zTNavigator.distancec C s |dk rt ||}t|t r"|}n$t|tr6t | }nt|trF|j}|| j \}}tt||d tj dd }|| j }| j | j | | j S )aC Return the angle of the line from the turtle's position to (x, y). Arguments: x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers or a turtle instance y -- a number None None call: distance(x, y) # two coordinates --or: distance((x, y)) # a pair (tuple) of coordinates --or: distance(vec) # e.g. as returned by pos() --or: distance(mypen) # where mypen is another turtle Return the angle, between the line from turtle-position to position specified by x, y and the turtle's start orientation. (Depends on modes - "standard" or "logo") Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.pos() (10.00, 10.00) >>> turtle.towards(0,0) 225.0 Nr r r ) r r r r r r r atan2r r r r r )r r r r[ resultr r r ru E s zTNavigator.towardsc C sJ | j \}}tt||d tj dd }|| j }| j| j| | j S )z Return the turtle's current heading. No arguments. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.left(67) >>> turtle.heading() 67.0 r r r ) r r r r r r r r r )r r r r r r r rJ h s zTNavigator.headingc C s> || | j }| j}||d | |d }| | dS )a Set the orientation of the turtle to to_angle. Aliases: setheading | seth Argument: to_angle -- a number (integer or float) Set the orientation of the turtle to to_angle. Here are some common directions in degrees: standard - mode: logo-mode: -------------------|-------------------- 0 - east 0 - north 90 - north 90 - east 180 - west 180 - south 270 - south 270 - west Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.setheading(90) >>> turtle.heading() 90 @N)rJ r r r )r Zto_angler Zfullr r r rd w s zTNavigator.setheadingc C sp | j r | j dg d| j _| }|dkr2| j}|dkrjt|| j }dttdt|d d| }d| | }d | }d | t |tj d | j }|d k r| | | }}}| } | } |d kr| d d n | d | | t|D ].} | | | | | d | | q | | |d krR| | | | | | j rld | j _dS )a Draw a circle with given radius. Arguments: radius -- a number extent (optional) -- a number steps (optional) -- an integer Draw a circle with given radius. The center is radius units left of the turtle; extent - an angle - determines which part of the circle is drawn. If extent is not given, draw the entire circle. If extent is not a full circle, one endpoint of the arc is the current pen position. Draw the arc in counterclockwise direction if radius is positive, otherwise in clockwise direction. Finally the direction of the turtle is changed by the amount of extent. As the circle is approximated by an inscribed regular polygon, steps determines the number of steps to use. If not given, it will be calculated automatically. Maybe used to draw regular polygons. call: circle(radius) # full circle --or: circle(radius, extent) # arc --or: circle(radius, extent, steps) --or: circle(radius, steps=6) # 6-sided polygon Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.circle(50) >>> turtle.circle(120, 180) # semicircle seqTNr g @g M@r r r r r F)r r r rp r r r minr r r r _tracerrM r r r ) r radiusZextentstepsrp Zfracr6 Zw2lZtrZdlr| r r r r4 s> " " zTNavigator.circlec C s dS z/dummy method - to be overwritten by child classNr )r r r r r rp s zTNavigator.speedc C s dS r" r )r ar r r r r s zTNavigator._tracerc C s dS r" r )r r r r r rM s zTNavigator._delay)N)r )N)N)N)NN)r )NN)N).r r r r r r Z DEFAULT_MODEr r r r` r r r: r^ r r r rC r/ r_ rP r[ r| r} rI rL ri rj r; ru rJ rd r4 rp r rM r@ r3 r0 rb rQ r\ re rf rc r r r r r sZ # # A r c @ s e Zd ZdZed fddZed ed fddZd.d d Zd/d d Zdd Z dd Z dd Z d0ddZ dd Z dd Zdd Zd d Zd d Zd d! Zd1d"d#Zd2d%d&Zd3d(d)Zd*d+ Zd,d- ZeZe Ze Ze Ze Z eZ eZ d S )4TPenzFDrawing part of the RawTurtle. Implements drawing properties. ra c C s || _ d | _t| d S r ) _resizemoder r$ _reset)r ra r r r r s z TPen.__init__rW rA c C sF d| _ d| _|| _|| _d| _d| _d| _d| _d| _d| _ d| _ d S )Nr Tr )r r r )r r r r ) _pensize_shown _pencolor _fillcolor_drawing_speed_stretchfactor _shearfactor_tilt _shapetrafo _outlinewidth)r rW rA r r r r& s z TPen._resetNc C s. |dkr| j S | }|dkr*| j|d dS )az Set resizemode to one of the values: "auto", "user", "noresize". (Optional) Argument: rmode -- one of the strings "auto", "user", "noresize" Different resizemodes have the following effects: - "auto" adapts the appearance of the turtle corresponding to the value of pensize. - "user" adapts the appearance of the turtle according to the values of stretchfactor and outlinewidth (outline), which are set by shapesize() - "noresize" no adaption of the turtle's appearance takes place. If no argument is given, return current resizemode. resizemode("user") is called by a call of shapesize with arguments. Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.resizemode("noresize") >>> turtle.resizemode() 'noresize' N)autouserr ra )r% r rV )r Zrmoder r r ra s zTPen.resizemodec C s |dkr| j S | j|d dS )a! Set or return the line thickness. Aliases: pensize | width Argument: width -- positive number Set the line thickness to width or return it. If resizemode is set to "auto" and turtleshape is a polygon, that polygon is drawn with the same line thickness. If no argument is given, current pensize is returned. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.pensize() 1 >>> turtle.pensize(10) # from here on lines of width 10 are drawn N)rY )r' rV )r rz r r r rY s z TPen.pensizec C s | j s dS | jdd dS )zPull the pen up -- no drawing when moving. Aliases: penup | pu | up No argument Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.penup() NFrX r+ rV r r r r rZ 0 s z TPen.penupc C s | j r dS | jdd dS )zPull the pen down -- drawing when moving. Aliases: pendown | pd | down No argument. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.pendown() NTr5 r6 r r r r rX > s z TPen.pendownc C s | j S )a Return True if pen is down, False if it's up. No argument. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.penup() >>> turtle.isdown() False >>> turtle.pendown() >>> turtle.isdown() True )r+ r r r r rN L s z TPen.isdownc C sj dddddd}|dkr | j S ||kr0|| }n*d| k rDd k rVn ntt|}nd}| j|d dS ) a Return or set the turtle's speed. Optional argument: speed -- an integer in the range 0..10 or a speedstring (see below) Set the turtle's speed to an integer value in the range 0 .. 10. If no argument is given: return current speed. If input is a number greater than 10 or smaller than 0.5, speed is set to 0. Speedstrings are mapped to speedvalues in the following way: 'fastest' : 0 'fast' : 10 'normal' : 6 'slow' : 3 'slowest' : 1 speeds from 1 to 10 enforce increasingly faster animation of line drawing and turtle turning. Attention: speed = 0 : *no* animation takes place. forward/back makes turtle jump and likewise left/right make the turtle turn instantly. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.speed(3) r r r r r )ZfastestZfastnormalZslowZslowestNr g %@)rp )r, r r rV )r rp Zspeedsr r r rp [ s z TPen.speedc G s |rht |}|dkr"|d }}n"|dkr4|\}}n|dkrD| }}| |}| |}| j||d n| | j| | jfS dS )a Return or set the pencolor and fillcolor. Arguments: Several input formats are allowed. They use 0, 1, 2, or 3 arguments as follows: color() Return the current pencolor and the current fillcolor as a pair of color specification strings as are returned by pencolor and fillcolor. color(colorstring), color((r,g,b)), color(r,g,b) inputs as in pencolor, set both, fillcolor and pencolor, to the given value. color(colorstring1, colorstring2), color((r1,g1,b1), (r2,g2,b2)) equivalent to pencolor(colorstring1) and fillcolor(colorstring2) and analogously, if the other input format is used. If turtleshape is a polygon, outline and interior of that polygon is drawn with the newly set colors. For more info see: pencolor, fillcolor Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.color('red', 'green') >>> turtle.color() ('red', 'green') >>> colormode(255) >>> color((40, 80, 120), (160, 200, 240)) >>> color() ('#285078', '#a0c8f0') r r r r )rW rA N)r r rV r r) r* )r r r! ZpcolorZfcolorr r r r9 s z TPen.colorc G s: |r*| |}|| jkr dS | j|d n | | jS dS )aZ Return or set the pencolor. Arguments: Four input formats are allowed: - pencolor() Return the current pencolor as color specification string, possibly in hex-number format (see example). May be used as input to another color/pencolor/fillcolor call. - pencolor(colorstring) s is a Tk color specification string, such as "red" or "yellow" - pencolor((r, g, b)) *a tuple* of r, g, and b, which represent, an RGB color, and each of r, g, and b are in the range 0..colormode, where colormode is either 1.0 or 255 - pencolor(r, g, b) r, g, and b represent an RGB color, and each of r, g, and b are in the range 0..colormode If turtleshape is a polygon, the outline of that polygon is drawn with the newly set pencolor. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.pencolor('brown') >>> tup = (0.2, 0.8, 0.55) >>> turtle.pencolor(tup) >>> turtle.pencolor() '#33cc8c' N)rW )r r) rV r r r r r rW s z TPen.pencolorc G s: |r*| |}|| jkr dS | j|d n | | jS dS )a] Return or set the fillcolor. Arguments: Four input formats are allowed: - fillcolor() Return the current fillcolor as color specification string, possibly in hex-number format (see example). May be used as input to another color/pencolor/fillcolor call. - fillcolor(colorstring) s is a Tk color specification string, such as "red" or "yellow" - fillcolor((r, g, b)) *a tuple* of r, g, and b, which represent, an RGB color, and each of r, g, and b are in the range 0..colormode, where colormode is either 1.0 or 255 - fillcolor(r, g, b) r, g, and b represent an RGB color, and each of r, g, and b are in the range 0..colormode If turtleshape is a polygon, the interior of that polygon is drawn with the newly set fillcolor. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.fillcolor('violet') >>> col = turtle.pencolor() >>> turtle.fillcolor(col) >>> turtle.fillcolor(0, .5, 0) N)rA )r r* rV r r r r r rA s zTPen.fillcolorc C s | j dd dS )zMakes the turtle visible. Aliases: showturtle | st No argument. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.hideturtle() >>> turtle.showturtle() TshownNrV r r r r ro s zTPen.showturtlec C s | j dd dS )aY Makes the turtle invisible. Aliases: hideturtle | ht No argument. It's a good idea to do this while you're in the middle of a complicated drawing, because hiding the turtle speeds up the drawing observably. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.hideturtle() Fr8 Nr: r r r r rK s zTPen.hideturtlec C s | j S )zReturn True if the Turtle is shown, False if it's hidden. No argument. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.hideturtle() >>> print turtle.isvisible(): False )r( r r r r rO s zTPen.isvisiblec K s | j | j| j| j| j| j| j| j| j| j | j d }|s>|s>|S t |t rN|}ni }| | i }|D ]}|| ||< qd| jr| jd|f d}d|kr| j|d krd}d|krt |d tr| |d f|d< | j|d krd}d|kr| j|d krd}|r| d|kr&|d | _d|kr:|d | _d|krN|d | _d|krt |d tr|| |d f|d< |d | _d |kr|d | _d |kr|d | _d |kr|d }t |ttfr||f}|| _d |kr|d | _d |kr|d | _ d|kr|d | _ d|kr.|d | _ d |ksLd|ksLd |kr| j\} } | j} t| j t| j } } | | | | | | | | | | | | f| _| dS )aL Return or set the pen's attributes. Arguments: pen -- a dictionary with some or all of the below listed keys. **pendict -- one or more keyword-arguments with the below listed keys as keywords. Return or set the pen's attributes in a 'pen-dictionary' with the following key/value pairs: "shown" : True/False "pendown" : True/False "pencolor" : color-string or color-tuple "fillcolor" : color-string or color-tuple "pensize" : positive number "speed" : number in range 0..10 "resizemode" : "auto" or "user" or "noresize" "stretchfactor": (positive number, positive number) "shearfactor": number "outline" : positive number "tilt" : number This dictionary can be used as argument for a subsequent pen()-call to restore the former pen-state. Moreover one or more of these attributes can be provided as keyword-arguments. This can be used to set several pen attributes in one statement. Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.pen(fillcolor="black", pencolor="red", pensize=10) >>> turtle.pen() {'pensize': 10, 'shown': True, 'resizemode': 'auto', 'outline': 1, 'pencolor': 'red', 'pendown': True, 'fillcolor': 'black', 'stretchfactor': (1,1), 'speed': 3, 'shearfactor': 0.0} >>> penstate=turtle.pen() >>> turtle.color("yellow","") >>> turtle.penup() >>> turtle.pen() {'pensize': 10, 'shown': True, 'resizemode': 'auto', 'outline': 1, 'pencolor': 'yellow', 'pendown': False, 'fillcolor': '', 'stretchfactor': (1,1), 'speed': 3, 'shearfactor': 0.0} >>> p.pen(penstate, fillcolor="green") >>> p.pen() {'pensize': 10, 'shown': True, 'resizemode': 'auto', 'outline': 1, 'pencolor': 'red', 'pendown': True, 'fillcolor': 'green', 'stretchfactor': (1,1), 'speed': 3, 'shearfactor': 0.0} ) r9 rX rW rA rY rp ra stretchfactorrn r9 rs rV FrX TrW rY rA rp ra r; rn r9 r9 rs N)r( r+ r) r* r' r, r% r- r. r1 r/ r dictr, r r r r _newLiner r r r r r0 rJ )r rV ZpendictZ_pdpZ_p_bufr ZnewLineZsfZscxZscyZshfsacar r r rV ! s / zTPen.penTc C s dS r" r r ZusePosr r r r= s z TPen._newLineFc C s dS r" r )r r Zforcedr r r rJ s z TPen._updatec C s dS r" r r r r r r s z TPen._colorc C s dS r" r r r r r r s zTPen._colorstr)N)N)N)N)T)TF) r r r r r r r& ra rY rZ rX rN rp r9 rW rA ro rK rO rV r= rJ r r rz ry r] rU r= rq rM r r r r r$ s: &.%$ r$ c @ s e Zd ZdZdd Zdd ZdS ) _TurtleImagez6Helper class: Datatype to store Turtle attributes c C s || _ d | _| | d S r )r ry _setshape)r r shapeIndexr r r r s z_TurtleImage.__init__c s | j || _| jd kr* j| jkr2n nd S | jd krP j| jkrXn nd S | jdkrp | j n | jdkr| jD ]} | q j| j| _| jdkr | _nF| jdkrԈ jd j| _n&| jdkr fdd j| jD | _d S )Nr rt )rt r r r/ c s g | ] } qS r r: r{ rH r r r r~ s z*_TurtleImage._setshape.<locals>.<listcomp>) r rD ry r rI _itemr: ru r )r rD rH r rG r rC s( "" z_TurtleImage._setshapeN)r r r r r rC r r r r rB s rB c @ s e Zd ZdZg Zded ed ed fddZdd Zd d Zd d Z dd Z dd Z dd Z dd Z dmddZdd Zdd Zd d Zd d Zdnd d!Zdod"d#Zdpd$d%Zd&d' Zdqd(d)Zd*d+ Zdrd,d-Zd.d/ Zd0d1 Zdsd3d4Z d5d6 Z d7d8 Z d9d: Z d;d< Z dtd=d>Z!d?d@ Z"dAdB Z#dCdD Z$dudFdGZ%dHdI Z&dJdK Z'dLdM Z(dvdNdOZ)dPdQ Z*dwdTdUZ+dVdW Z,dXdY Z-dZd[ Z.d\d] Z/d^d_ Z0e0Z1dxd`daZ2dydcddZ3dzdedfZ4d{dgdhZ5didj Z6dkdl Z7eZ8dS )|r zvAnimation part of the RawTurtle. Puts RawTurtle upon a TurtleScreen and provides tools for its animation. Nrk r r c C s4 t |tr|| _n|t |tr:|tjkr2tj| || _nTt |ttfrtjD ]}|j |krN|| _ qqNt|| _tj| j n t d| | j}t | | t | |j| | | _t||| _d | _d| _d | _| _|| _d| _| | _| jg| _ | jg| _ g | _ || _ t || _!| " d S )Nzbad canvas argument %sF)#r _Screenr r r screensr> r r r. r r r r r$ r rD drawingLineItemrB r _poly _creatingPoly _fillitem _fillpathr( _hidden_from_screencurrentLineItemr currentLiner stampItems_undobuffersizer r rJ )r Zcanvasrk r r r r r r r s@ zRawTurtle.__init__c C s0 t | t| | | | dS )a Delete the turtle's drawings and restore its default values. No argument. Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen, re-center the turtle and set variables to the default values. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.position() (0.00,-22.00) >>> turtle.heading() 100.0 >>> turtle.reset() >>> turtle.position() (0.00,0.00) >>> turtle.heading() 0.0 N)r r` r$ r& _clearr rJ r r r r r` s zRawTurtle.resetc C s& |dks|dkrd| _ n t|| _ dS )a Set or disable undobuffer. Argument: size -- an integer or None If size is an integer an empty undobuffer of given size is installed. Size gives the maximum number of turtle-actions that can be undone by the undo() function. If size is None, no undobuffer is present. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.setundobuffer(42) Nr )r r )r sizer r r rh s zRawTurtle.setundobufferc C s | j dkrdS | j S )zReturn count of entries in the undobuffer. No argument. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> while undobufferentries(): ... undo() Nr )r r r r r r rx , s zRawTurtle.undobufferentriesc C sl d | _ | _| jD ]}| j| q| j | _g | _| jrJ| j | j | jg| _| | | j dS )z Delete all of pen's drawingsN)rN rO r r rI rD rQ rR r+ r> r r7 rh rT rG r r r rU 9 s zRawTurtle._clearc C s | | dS )ag Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen. Do not move turtle. No arguments. Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen. Do not move turtle. State and position of the turtle as well as drawings of other turtles are not affected. Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.clear() N)rU rJ r r r r r5 G s zRawTurtle.clearc C sF | j | j jdkrd S t| jdkrB| j | j| j| j| j d S r ) r r r r rR rE rQ r) r' r r r r r V s zRawTurtle._update_datac C sx | j }|jdkrdS |jdkrD| | | ||j n0| |jdkrt| D ] }| q^| dS )z&Perform a Turtle-data update. r Nr ) r r r r rJ rM r r r+ )r r rq r r r rJ ^ s zRawTurtle._updatec C s | j ||S )am Turns turtle animation on/off and set delay for update drawings. Optional arguments: n -- nonnegative integer delay -- nonnegative integer If n is given, only each n-th regular screen update is really performed. (Can be used to accelerate the drawing of complex graphics.) Second arguments sets delay value (see RawTurtle.delay()) Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.tracer(8, 25) >>> dist = 2 >>> for i in range(200): ... turtle.fd(dist) ... turtle.rt(90) ... dist += 2 )r r* )r flagr r r r r p s zRawTurtle._tracerc C s | j |S r )r r r r r r r s zRawTurtle._colorc C s | j |S r )r r r r r r r s zRawTurtle._colorstrc C s t |tr|S z|\}}}W n( ttfk rD tdt| Y nX | jjdkrldd |||fD \}}}d| krdkrn n.d| krdkrn nd| krdksn tdt| d|||f S ) z,Convert colortriples to hexstrings. r r c S s g | ]}t d | qS r r r r r r r~ s z!RawTurtle._cc.<locals>.<listcomp>r r r r )r r r r r r r )r r r r r r r r _cc s Fz RawTurtle._ccc s | j | | j | j}d| _ d| _t| } | _ || _ |_ t | jj|_ j| j | jj j }|dkr |j_ nJ|dkr j d j|j_ n*|dkrʇ fdd j | jj jD |j_ |_| |S )a Create and return a clone of the turtle. No argument. Create and return a clone of the turtle with same position, heading and turtle properties. Example (for a Turtle instance named mick): mick = Turtle() joe = mick.clone() Nr rt r/ r c s g | ] } qS r rE rF rG r r r~ s z#RawTurtle.clone.<locals>.<listcomp>)r r= r+ r r rB rD r r> r ry r: rH ru r rD rQ rJ )r r qttyper rG r r8 s. zRawTurtle.clonec C sB |dkr| j jS || j kr*td| | j | | dS )a Set turtle shape to shape with given name / return current shapename. Optional argument: name -- a string, which is a valid shapename Set turtle shape to shape with given name or, if name is not given, return name of current shape. Shape with name must exist in the TurtleScreen's shape dictionary. Initially there are the following polygon shapes: 'arrow', 'turtle', 'circle', 'square', 'triangle', 'classic'. To learn about how to deal with shapes see Screen-method register_shape. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.shape() 'arrow' >>> turtle.shape("turtle") >>> turtle.shape() 'turtle' NzThere is no shape named %s)r rD r r r rC rJ )r r r r r rk s zRawTurtle.shapec C s || kr | kr dkr8n n| j \}}||| jfS |dksH|dkrPtd|dk rt|dkrj||f}q||f}n |dk r| j d |f}n| j }|dkr| j}| jd||d dS )aO Set/return turtle's stretchfactors/outline. Set resizemode to "user". Optional arguments: stretch_wid : positive number stretch_len : positive number outline : positive number Return or set the pen's attributes x/y-stretchfactors and/or outline. Set resizemode to "user". If and only if resizemode is set to "user", the turtle will be displayed stretched according to its stretchfactors: stretch_wid is stretchfactor perpendicular to orientation stretch_len is stretchfactor in direction of turtles orientation. outline determines the width of the shapes's outline. Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.resizemode("user") >>> turtle.shapesize(5, 5, 12) >>> turtle.shapesize(outline=8) Nr z(stretch_wid/stretch_len must not be zeror3 )ra r; r9 )r- r1 r rV )r Z stretch_widZ stretch_lenr9 r; r r r rl s$ " zRawTurtle.shapesizec C s |dkr| j S | jd|d dS )a Set or return the current shearfactor. Optional argument: shear -- number, tangent of the shear angle Shear the turtleshape according to the given shearfactor shear, which is the tangent of the shear angle. DO NOT change the turtle's heading (direction of movement). If shear is not given: return the current shearfactor, i. e. the tangent of the shear angle, by which lines parallel to the heading of the turtle are sheared. Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.shape("circle") >>> turtle.shapesize(5,2) >>> turtle.shearfactor(0.5) >>> turtle.shearfactor() >>> 0.5 Nr3 )ra rn )r. rV )r Zshearr r r rn s zRawTurtle.shearfactorc C s< | | j | j }|tj d dtj }| jd|d dS )aI Rotate the turtleshape to point in the specified direction Argument: angle -- number Rotate the turtleshape to point in the direction specified by angle, regardless of its current tilt-angle. DO NOT change the turtle's heading (direction of movement). Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.shape("circle") >>> turtle.shapesize(5,2) >>> turtle.settiltangle(45) >>> stamp() >>> turtle.fd(50) >>> turtle.settiltangle(-45) >>> stamp() >>> turtle.fd(50) r r r3 )ra rs N)r r r r rV r r rs r r r rg s zRawTurtle.settiltanglec C s> |dkr0| j dtj | j }|| j | j S | | dS )a Set or return the current tilt-angle. Optional argument: angle -- number Rotate the turtleshape to point in the direction specified by angle, regardless of its current tilt-angle. DO NOT change the turtle's heading (direction of movement). If angle is not given: return the current tilt-angle, i. e. the angle between the orientation of the turtleshape and the heading of the turtle (its direction of movement). Deprecated since Python 3.1 Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.shape("circle") >>> turtle.shapesize(5,2) >>> turtle.tilt(45) >>> turtle.tiltangle() Nr )r/ r r r r r rg r[ r r r rt 4 s zRawTurtle.tiltanglec C s | || dS )a Rotate the turtleshape by angle. Argument: angle - a number Rotate the turtleshape by angle from its current tilt-angle, but do NOT change the turtle's heading (direction of movement). Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.shape("circle") >>> turtle.shapesize(5,2) >>> turtle.tilt(30) >>> turtle.fd(50) >>> turtle.tilt(30) >>> turtle.fd(50) N)rg rt r r r r rs N s zRawTurtle.tiltc C s6 || kr(| kr(| kr(dkr2n n| j S | j \}}}}|dk rL|}|dk rX|}|dk rd|}|dk rp|}|| || dkrtd||||f| _ t| |dtj } t| t| } } | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | f\} } }}| |f| _| | | _| | _ | j dd dS )a Set or return the current transformation matrix of the turtle shape. Optional arguments: t11, t12, t21, t22 -- numbers. If none of the matrix elements are given, return the transformation matrix. Otherwise set the given elements and transform the turtleshape according to the matrix consisting of first row t11, t12 and second row t21, 22. Modify stretchfactor, shearfactor and tiltangle according to the given matrix. Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.shape("square") >>> turtle.shapesize(4,2) >>> turtle.shearfactor(-0.5) >>> turtle.shapetransform() (4.0, -1.0, -0.0, 2.0) Nr z0Bad shape transform matrix: must not be singularr r3 r4 ) r0 r r r r r r r- r. r/ rV )r t11t12t21t22Zm11Zm12Zm21Zm22Zalfar? r@ Za11Za12Za21Za22r r r rm a s0 , zRawTurtle.shapetransformc s^ | j | j\| j\ t j j }dt| | \ fdd|D S )zlComputes transformed polygon shapes from a shape according to current position and heading. r c sF g | ]>\}}| | j | | j fqS r )r4 r5 r{ r r Ze0Ze1Zp0Zp1r r r r~ s z(RawTurtle._polytrafo.<locals>.<listcomp>)r r r r r5 r4 r )r r er ra r _polytrafo s zRawTurtle._polytrafoc C s2 | j j| jj }|jdkr.| |j|jdkS dS )a@ Return the current shape polygon as tuple of coordinate pairs. No argument. Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.shape("square") >>> turtle.shapetransform(4, -1, 0, 2) >>> turtle.get_shapepoly() ((50, -20), (30, 20), (-50, 20), (-30, -20)) r r N)r r r rD ry _getshapepolyr )r rk r r r rG s zRawTurtle.get_shapepolyFc sx | j dks|r | j\ n>| j dkrNtd| jd }|dd|f\ n| j dkr\|S t fdd|D S ) z`Calculate transformed shape polygon according to resizemode and shapetransform. r3 r2 r g @r r c 3 s2 | ]*\}} | | | | fV qd S r r r` r\ r] r^ r_ r r r s z*RawTurtle._getshapepoly.<locals>.<genexpr>)r% r0 maxr' r )r r r r! r re r rd s zRawTurtle._getshapepolyc C s | j }|j| jj }|j}| jj}| jr*|jdkr*|jdkr*d| _ |j }|dkr| j dkrfd}n| j dkrx| j }n| j }| | |}| j| j }}|j|||||dd nt|d kr||| j| nZ|d krt||D ]D\} \} }}| | | d} |j| | | || || j dd qnx| j r6d S |dkrR||d d d nJ|d krv||| j|jd j n&|d kr|D ]} || d d d qd| _ d S )zpManages the correct rendering of the turtle with respect to its shape, resizemode, stretch and tilt etc.r Fr r r r2 Tr" r9 rz rA rt r Nr r r r r/ )r r r rD ry rH r( r r rP r r% r' r1 rc rd r* r) rC rw r ziprX ) r r rk rZ Ztitemtshaper6 fcocrH r r r r r sR zRawTurtle._drawturtlec C sT | j }|j| jj }|j}|j}|dkr| }| jdkr@d}n| jdkrR| j}n| j }| | |}| j | j }}|j|||||dd n|dkr|d}||| j| n|d kr4g }|D ]} | } || qt|}t||D ]D\} \} }}| | | d} |j| | | || || j dd q| j| | jd |f |S ) a Stamp a copy of the turtleshape onto the canvas and return its id. No argument. Stamp a copy of the turtle shape onto the canvas at the current turtle position. Return a stamp_id for that stamp, which can be used to delete it by calling clearstamp(stamp_id). Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.color("blue") >>> turtle.stamp() 13 >>> turtle.fd(50) r r r r2 Trg rt r r rr )r r r rD ry r r: r% r' r1 rc rd r* r) rC ru rw r r> r ri rX rS r r ) r r rk rZ rj stitemr6 rk rl ZelementrH r r r r rr sH zRawTurtle.stampc C s || j krDt|tr,|D ]}| j| qn | j| | j | d|f}| j}||jkr`dS |j|}|j| ||j kr|j d |j |_ |j |j d |j dg dS )z9does the work for clearstamp() and clearstamps() rr Nr ) rS r r r rI r r r indexr r insert)r stampidZsubitemrH Zbufrn r r r _clearstamp s zRawTurtle._clearstampc C s | | | dS )aD Delete stamp with given stampid Argument: stampid - an integer, must be return value of previous stamp() call. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.color("blue") >>> astamp = turtle.stamp() >>> turtle.fd(50) >>> turtle.clearstamp(astamp) N)rq rJ )r rp r r r r6 s zRawTurtle.clearstampc C s^ |dkr| j dd }n&|dkr0| j d| }n| j |d }|D ]}| | qB| dS )a Delete all or first/last n of turtle's stamps. Optional argument: n -- an integer If n is None, delete all of pen's stamps, else if n > 0 delete first n stamps else if n < 0 delete last n stamps. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> for i in range(8): ... turtle.stamp(); turtle.fd(30) ... >>> turtle.clearstamps(2) >>> turtle.clearstamps(-2) >>> turtle.clearstamps() Nr )rS rq rJ )r r ZtoDeleterH r r r r7 - s zRawTurtle.clearstampsc C s | j | j| jt| jtf}| j}d| j||| j| j dd | | j| j dd ff}| j rh| j | | j}| jrZ|jdkrZ|| }|d |j d |d |j d }dt|d dd| j | j }|d | } td|D ]R} | dkrd } nd } || | | _| j r2|| j|| jf| j| j| | q| j rZ|j| jd d | jd | j rn| j | t| jtr| j| || _| jr| j| t| j dkr| | dS )zMove the pen to the point end, thereby drawing a line if pen is down. All other methods for turtle movement depend on this one. goNr r r r r 皙?r TFr r r r" rz * ) r+ r) r' r rO r r r rQ rR r r r r r, r r4 r5 r r rE rK rJ r> rM rL r r= ) r r go_modesr Z undo_entrystartdiffdiffsqnhopsdeltar rA r r r r I sb $$ zRawTurtle._gotoc s |\}}}}|\}}}} |\} } } | j t| j| dkrDtd | | _| | _| ddgkrbd} n|} j| | | |d fdd| jD }|D ]}| | j | q|}| j rj dkr|| }|d j d |d j d }dt|d d d | j | j }|d | }td|D ]P}|dkr@d}nd}||| | _|rr| j|| jf||| | q,|rj| jdd|d || _| jrt| jd kr| j | jg krd| _d| _| r| jg krd| _td n| jdk r| j | dS )z)Reverse a _goto. Used for undo() r z$undogoto: HALLO-DA-STIMMT-WAS-NICHT!r r ru c s& g | ] }| kr |d kr|qS )r )ry rz r r r r r~ s z'RawTurtle._undogoto.<locals>.<listcomp>r r r r rs r TFrt Nz Unwahrscheinlich in _undogoto!)r r r r rQ rR rE r rI r r, r r4 r5 r r rK rJ rM r rL r rO )r entryoldnewrw ZcoodataZdrawingZpcZpsrB ZcLIZcLr ZusepcZtodeleter| rx ry rz r{ r| r rA r r} r _undogoto~ sl $$ zRawTurtle._undogotoc C s | j r| j d|| jf || j9 }| j|}| jj}|dkr| jdkrd| j }dtt || }d| | }t |D ]}| j|| _| q||| _| dS )z&Turns pen clockwise by angle. rotr r g @r N) r r r r r r r r, r r r rJ )r r Z neworientr Zanglevelr r| r r r r r s zRawTurtle._rotateTc C sn t | jdkrD| j| j| j| j| j | j | _| j | j n| jj| jdd g | _|rj| j g| _dS )zCloses current line item and starts a new one. Remark: if current line became too long, animation performance (via _drawline) slowed down considerably. r T)rA N) r rR r rE rQ r) r' rD r r> r rA r r r r= s zRawTurtle._newLinec C s t | jtS )a Return fillstate (True if filling, False else). No argument. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.begin_fill() >>> if turtle.filling(): ... turtle.pensize(5) ... else: ... turtle.pensize(3) )r rO r r r r r rB s zRawTurtle.fillingc C sX | s"| j | _| j| j | jg| _| | j rL| j d| jf | dS )a Called just before drawing a shape to be filled. No argument. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.color("black", "red") >>> turtle.begin_fill() >>> turtle.circle(60) >>> turtle.end_fill() beginfillN) rB r r: rN r r> r rO r= r r rJ r r r r r1 s zRawTurtle.begin_fillc C s^ | rZt| jdkrF| jj| j| j| jd | jrF| jd| jf d | _| _| dS )a Fill the shape drawn after the call begin_fill(). No argument. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.color("black", "red") >>> turtle.begin_fill() >>> turtle.circle(60) >>> turtle.end_fill() r r; dofillN) rB r rO r rC rN r* r r rJ r r r r r> s zRawTurtle.end_fillc G s8 |sNt |ttfr0| |}| jt| jd }qr| j}|sr| jt| jd }n$|dkrh| jt| jd }| |}t| jdr| j | j ||}| j | | j r| j d|f n| }| j r| j dg d| j _z>| dkr| | | | | | | d W 5 | | X | j r4d | j _dS ) a Draw a dot with diameter size, using color. Optional arguments: size -- an integer >= 1 (if given) color -- a colorstring or a numeric color tuple Draw a circular dot with diameter size, using color. If size is not given, the maximum of pensize+4 and 2*pensize is used. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.dot() >>> turtle.fd(50); turtle.dot(20, "blue"); turtle.fd(50) r N_dotr< r Tr2 r F)r r r r r' rf r) hasattrr r r r r> r r rV r ra rM rX rY rW rC )r rV r9 rH rV r r r r< s: z RawTurtle.dotc C sB | j | j|||| j\}}| j| | jr>| jd|f |S )z)Performs the writing for write() wri)r rX r r) r r> r r )r rV rW rU rH r r r r rX H s zRawTurtle._writerP Arialr r7 c C s` | j r | j dg d| j _| t|| |}|rN| \}}| || | j r\d| j _dS )a Write text at the current turtle position. Arguments: arg -- info, which is to be written to the TurtleScreen move (optional) -- True/False align (optional) -- one of the strings "left", "center" or right" font (optional) -- a triple (fontname, fontsize, fonttype) Write text - the string representation of arg - at the current turtle position according to align ("left", "center" or right") and with the given font. If move is True, the pen is moved to the bottom-right corner of the text. By default, move is False. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.write('Home = ', True, align="center") >>> turtle.write((0,0), True) r TFN)r r r rX r r r[ re )r argZmoverW rU r r r r r r r{ R s zRawTurtle.writec C s | j g| _d| _dS )a Start recording the vertices of a polygon. No argument. Start recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position is first point of polygon. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.begin_poly() TN)r rL rM r r r r r2 o s zRawTurtle.begin_polyc C s d| _ dS )a7 Stop recording the vertices of a polygon. No argument. Stop recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position is last point of polygon. This will be connected with the first point. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.end_poly() FN)rM r r r r r? } s zRawTurtle.end_polyc C s | j dk rt| j S dS )zReturn the lastly recorded polygon. No argument. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> p = turtle.get_poly() >>> turtle.register_shape("myFavouriteShape", p) N)rL r r r r r rD s zRawTurtle.get_polyc C s | j S )a Return the TurtleScreen object, the turtle is drawing on. No argument. Return the TurtleScreen object, the turtle is drawing on. So TurtleScreen-methods can be called for that object. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> ts = turtle.getscreen() >>> ts <turtle.TurtleScreen object at 0x0106B770> >>> ts.bgcolor("pink") rG r r r r rF s zRawTurtle.getscreenc C s | S )aU Return the Turtleobject itself. No argument. Only reasonable use: as a function to return the 'anonymous turtle': Example: >>> pet = getturtle() >>> pet.fd(50) >>> pet <turtle.Turtle object at 0x0187D810> >>> turtles() [<turtle.Turtle object at 0x0187D810>] r r r r r rH s zRawTurtle.getturtlec C s | j |S )zDSet delay value which determines speed of turtle animation. )r r rL r r r rM s zRawTurtle._delayr c C s" | j | jj||| | dS )a Bind fun to mouse-click event on this turtle on canvas. Arguments: fun -- a function with two arguments, to which will be assigned the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas. btn -- number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 (left mouse button). add -- True or False. If True, new binding will be added, otherwise it will replace a former binding. Example for the anonymous turtle, i. e. the procedural way: >>> def turn(x, y): ... left(360) ... >>> onclick(turn) # Now clicking into the turtle will turn it. >>> onclick(None) # event-binding will be removed N)r re r rH rJ r r r r rR s zRawTurtle.onclickc C s" | j | jj||| | dS )a Bind fun to mouse-button-release event on this turtle on canvas. Arguments: fun -- a function with two arguments, to which will be assigned the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas. btn -- number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 (left mouse button). Example (for a MyTurtle instance named joe): >>> class MyTurtle(Turtle): ... def glow(self,x,y): ... self.fillcolor("red") ... def unglow(self,x,y): ... self.fillcolor("") ... >>> joe = MyTurtle() >>> joe.onclick(joe.glow) >>> joe.onrelease(joe.unglow) Clicking on joe turns fillcolor red, unclicking turns it to transparent. N)r rf r rH rJ r r r r rT s zRawTurtle.onreleasec C s | j | jj||| dS )a Bind fun to mouse-move event on this turtle on canvas. Arguments: fun -- a function with two arguments, to which will be assigned the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas. btn -- number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 (left mouse button). Every sequence of mouse-move-events on a turtle is preceded by a mouse-click event on that turtle. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.ondrag(turtle.goto) Subsequently clicking and dragging a Turtle will move it across the screen thereby producing handdrawings (if pen is down). N)r rg r rH r r r r rS s zRawTurtle.ondragc C s, | j dkrdS |dkr@|\}}| | | | j | j }n|dkr\|d }| | n|dkrp| | n|dkr|d }| j| | j | n|dkr|d }| jj |dd d d nh|d kr|d }d | _ | _ || jkr(| j| | j | n$|d kr(t | |d | j dS ) z2Does the main part of the work for undo() Nr rr r rr )r r< r rh r r8 r rV )r r r r r6 r r rI r r rC rN rO r$ rV )r actionr r ZdegPAUZdummyrm rH r r r _undo s< zRawTurtle._undoc C sl | j dkrdS | j }|d }|dd }|dkr\|rh| }| |d |dd q4n | || dS )a undo (repeatedly) the last turtle action. No argument. undo (repeatedly) the last turtle action. Number of available undo actions is determined by the size of the undobuffer. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> for i in range(4): ... turtle.fd(50); turtle.lt(80) ... >>> for i in range(8): ... turtle.undo() ... Nr r r )r r r )r rH r r r r r rw ' s zRawTurtle.undo)NN)N)NNN)N)N)NNNN)F)N)T)N)FrP r )N)r N)r N)r N)9r r r r rJ r r r` rh rx rU r5 r rJ r r r rX r8 rk rl rn rg rt rs rm rc rG rd r rr rq r6 r7 r r r r= rB r1 r> r< rX r{ r2 r? rD rF rH rE rM rR rT rS r rw rv r r r r r sr ( ( ( ( (- 5A 0 c C s t jdkrt t _t jS )zReturn the singleton screen object. If none exists at the moment, create a new one and return it, else return the existing one.N)r _screenrI r r r r r J s c @ sf e Zd ZdZdZed Zdd Zed ed ed ed fd d Zd d Z d d Z dd Z dd Z dS )rI Nr) c C s t jd kr4t t _| _| jt j | j| j t jd krtd }td }td }td }td }td }| j |||| | j t _t | t j | |||| d S )Nrz r r r r r )rI _rootr r) _titler) _destroyr r r# r$ r r r& )r rz r r r r r r r r r X s z_Screen.__init__rz r r r c C s t | jdsdS | j }| j }t|trNd| krBdkrNn n|| }|dkrb|| d }t|trd| krdkrn n|| }|dkr|| d }| j|||| | dS )a Set the size and position of the main window. Arguments: width: as integer a size in pixels, as float a fraction of the screen. Default is 50% of screen. height: as integer the height in pixels, as float a fraction of the screen. Default is 75% of screen. startx: if positive, starting position in pixels from the left edge of the screen, if negative from the right edge Default, startx=None is to center window horizontally. starty: if positive, starting position in pixels from the top edge of the screen, if negative from the bottom edge Default, starty=None is to center window vertically. Examples (for a Screen instance named screen): >>> screen.setup (width=200, height=200, startx=0, starty=0) sets window to 200x200 pixels, in upper left of screen >>> screen.setup(width=.75, height=0.5, startx=None, starty=None) sets window to 75% of screen by 50% of screen and centers r' Nr r r )r r r* r+ r r r' r, )r rz r r% r& rQ Zshr r r r& n s " " z _Screen.setupc C s t jdk rt j| |t _dS )aq Set title of turtle-window Argument: titlestring -- a string, to appear in the titlebar of the turtle graphics window. This is a method of Screen-class. Not available for TurtleScreen- objects. Example (for a Screen instance named screen): >>> screen.title("Welcome to the turtle-zoo!") N)rI r r) r )r Z titlestringr r r r) s z _Screen.titlec C s: | j }|tj kr(d t_d t_d t_ d t_dt_| d S )NF) r rI r r r r r r r( )r rootr r r r s z_Screen._destroyc C s | dS )z~Shut the turtlegraphics window. Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.bye() N)r r r r r r s z _Screen.byec sN fdd} | td r"dS z t W n tk rH td Y nX dS )al Go into mainloop until the mouse is clicked. No arguments. Bind bye() method to mouseclick on TurtleScreen. If "using_IDLE" - value in configuration dictionary is False (default value), enter mainloop. If IDLE with -n switch (no subprocess) is used, this value should be set to True in turtle.cfg. In this case IDLE's mainloop is active also for the client script. This is a method of the Screen-class and not available for TurtleScreen instances. Example (for a Screen instance named screen): >>> screen.exitonclick() c s dS )z&Screen.bye() with two dummy-parametersN)r )r r r r r exitGracefully s z+_Screen.exitonclick.<locals>.exitGracefullyr Nr )rR r r AttributeErrorexit)r r r r r r s z_Screen.exitonclick) r r r r r r r r r& r) r r r r r r r rI R s ( rI c @ s4 e Zd ZdZdZdZed ed ed fddZdS )r zRawTurtle auto-creating (scrolled) canvas. When a Turtle object is created or a function derived from some Turtle method is called a TurtleScreen object is automatically created. Nrk r r c C s, t jd krt t _tj| t j|||d d S )N)rk r r )r r r r r )r rk r r r r r r s zTurtle.__init__)r r r r r r r r r r r r r s turtle_docstringdictc C s i }t D ]}d| }t|j||< qtD ]}d| }t|j||< q(td| d}tdd |D }|d |dd D ](}|d t| |d || q||d }|d t| |d || |d | W 5 Q R X dS )a Create and write docstring-dictionary to file. Optional argument: filename -- a string, used as filename default value is turtle_docstringdict Has to be called explicitly, (not used by the turtle-graphics classes) The docstring dictionary will be written to the Python script <filname>.py It is intended to serve as a template for translation of the docstrings into different languages. z_Screen.zTurtle.z%s.pyr6 c s s$ | ] }| d d tkr|V qdS )r r N)r _alias_listr r r r r s z&write_docstringdict.<locals>.<genexpr>zdocsdict = { Nr z%s : z """%s """, z """%s """ z} ) _tg_screen_functionsr r _tg_turtle_functionsr r r{ reprclose)r docsdict methodnamer r r r r r r~ s$ c C s` dd| i }t|}|j}|D ]8}z|| t|_W q" tk rX td| Y q"X q"dS )zRead in docstrings from lang-specific docstring dictionary. Transfer docstrings, translated to lang, from a dictionary-file to the methods of classes Screen and Turtle and - in revised form - to the corresponding functions. z!turtle_docstringdict_%(language)sr zBad docstring-entry: %sN)r __import__r r r r r )Zlangmodnamemoduler r r r r read_docstrings s r r zCannot find docsdict forz;Unknown Error when trying to import %s-docstring-dictionaryc C s d }}t | j\}}}|dd }|dd }| jp:g }dd |D }dgt|t| | }dd t||D } |dk r| d| |d| |dk r| d| |d| d | }d | }d |}d | }||fS ) a? Get strings describing the arguments for the given object Returns a pair of strings representing function parameter lists including parenthesis. The first string is suitable for use in function definition and the second is suitable for use in function call. 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